Distributed photovoltaic power generation currently faces both opportunities and challenges, with the determination of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals injecting vitality into the renewable energy market mainly reflected in the development of photovoltaic and wind power, which creates great market opportunities for the development of photovoltaic. The country's support and supportive policies for new energy have promoted the positive and healthy growth of the industry.

一 . 分布式光伏发展机遇

I Opportunities for distributed photovoltaic development

近年来，出台了一系列政策，优先支持分布式光伏发电发展，重点支持分布式光伏发电分散接入低压配电网并就近消纳，整县推进等大力推进分布式光伏发电的政策，鼓励结合荒山地和沿海滩涂综合利用、采煤沉陷区等废弃土地治理、设施农业、渔业养殖等方式。因地制宜开展各类“光伏+”应用工程。

In recent years, the country has issued a series of policies, giving priority to supporting the development of distributed photovoltaic power generation, focusing on supporting distributed photovoltaic power generation to be connected to low-voltage distribution networks and consumed nearby, promoting the whole county and other policies to vigorously promote distributed photovoltaic power generation, and encouraging the combination of comprehensive utilization of barren hills and coastal mudflat, coal mining subsidence areas and other waste land treatment, facility agriculture, fishery and aquaculture. Carry out various "photovoltaic+" application projects according to local conditions.

其次是光伏技术的发展使光伏相关产品价格大幅度下降，建设成本的下降和清洁电力的经济效益刺激了投资的热情。大部分地区的年投资回报率高于10%。

Secondly, the development of photovoltaic technology has led to a significant decrease in the prices of photovoltaic related products. The decrease in construction costs and the economic benefits of clean electricity have stimulated investment enthusiasm. The annual return on investment in most regions is above 10%.

第三是人们对光伏发电技术的广泛认知和接受，近年来光伏发电的广泛应用和光伏扶贫的开展，光伏发电已经广为人知，技术成熟、商业化程度高，运维简单，光伏发电已经逐步成为投资的热点。

The third is the widespread recognition and acceptance of photovoltaic power generation technology. In recent years, the widespread application of photovoltaic power generation and the development of photovoltaic poverty alleviation have made photovoltaic power generation widely known, with mature technology, high commercialization level, simple operation and maintenance. Photovoltaic power generation has gradually become a hot investment topic.

第四是分布式光伏建设规模相对较小，机动性好，可充分利用闲置的厂房、商业建筑等屋顶资源，集约利用农业设施等资源安装光伏发电，就近消纳，减少因远距离输电造成的电能损耗，基本没有弃光限电的问题。

The fourth is that the scale of distributed photovoltaic construction is relatively small, with good mobility. It can fully utilize idle rooftop resources such as factory buildings and commercial buildings, and intensively utilize resources such as agricultural facilities to install photovoltaic power generation, which can be consumed nearby and reduce energy loss caused by long-distance transmission. There is basically no problem of abandoning light and limiting electricity.

二 . 分布式光伏的挑战

II The Challenge of Distributed Photovoltaics

投资光伏发电也存在很多挑战和风险，是政策补贴逐年减少，对于辐射资源比较差的地区，投资建设光伏发电站存在经济效益低甚至无法收回投资的风险，光伏发电行业对政策依赖性较高，企业主要依靠补贴实现盈利。

There are also many challenges and risks in investing in photovoltaic power generation. Firstly, policy subsidies are decreasing year by year. For areas with poor radiation resources, there is a risk of low economic benefits or even inability to recoup investment in the construction of photovoltaic power stations. The photovoltaic power generation industry is highly dependent on policies, and enterprises mainly rely on subsidies to achieve profits.

其次，光伏产业及产品降价空间缩小，多晶硅、硅片、玻璃等材料甚至有涨价的势头，行业竞争激烈，企业经营压力较大。

Secondly, the space for price reduction in the photovoltaic industry and products has narrowed, and materials such as polycrystalline silicon, silicon wafers, and glass are even showing a trend of price increase. The industry competition is fierce, and the pressure on enterprise management is high.

第三是东部发电地区的光伏建设可利用场地成为稀缺资源，场地或屋顶的缺乏导致场地或屋顶的租赁价格上涨，进而造成电站投资成本增加，进一步加剧了光伏发电在的投资和回收的矛盾和风险。

The third is that the photovoltaic construction sites in the eastern power generation area have become scarce resources. The lack of sites or roofs has led to an increase in the rental prices of sites or roofs, which in turn has led to an increase in the investment cost of power stations, further exacerbating the contradiction and risk of investment and recovery in photovoltaic power generation.

光伏发电的另一个挑战是从业人员特别是技术人员的稀缺，随着光伏发电产业的大发展，需要大量具备光伏发电建设技能和较为丰富经验的人才。目前，该行业不仅缺乏大量设计、建设人才，同时也缺乏的运维、管理人才， 要健全生产运维和管理队伍建设，积极开展对经营户用光伏、光伏扶贫等电站的运维人员的技术培训，确保运维人员持证上岗，保证已经建成的光伏电站能够正常运行。

Another challenge of photovoltaic power generation is the scarcity of practitioners, especially professional and technical personnel. With the rapid development of the photovoltaic power generation industry, a large number of professional talents with photovoltaic power generation construction skills and relatively rich experience are needed. At present, the industry not only lacks a large number of design and construction talents, but also professional operation, maintenance, and management talents. It is necessary to improve the construction of production, operation, and management teams, actively carry out technical training for operation and maintenance personnel of household photovoltaic, photovoltaic poverty alleviation, and other power stations, ensure that operation and maintenance personnel hold certificates to work, and ensure that the completed photovoltaic power stations can operate normally.

三 . 光伏电站建设和运行中的风险

III Risks in the construction and operation of photovoltaic power plants

光伏发电站的建设和运行过程中还存在有很多风险。光伏发电站在整个生命周期面对的主要风险有：

There are still many risks in the construction and operation of photovoltaic power stations. The main risks faced by photovoltaic power plants throughout their entire lifecycle are:

01 场地风险

01 Site Risk

分布式光伏电站的建设场地比较复杂，通常有荒地、废矿沉降区场地、建筑屋顶、水面等。废矿区建设场地的下沉、建筑屋顶的荷载等风险都需要在投资建设时进行了解和在项目前期有效规避。

The construction site of distributed photovoltaic power stations is relatively complex, usually including wasteland, abandoned mine settlement areas, building roofs, water surfaces, etc. The subsidence of the construction site in the waste mining area, the load on the building roof, and other risks need to be understood during investment and effectively avoided in the early stages of the project.

02 场地产权风险

02 Property Rights Risks of the Site

分布式光伏有很多是采用场地租赁或通过合作等方式建设的，不能办理产权证，在长达20多年的运营周期内，建设场地或建筑屋顶的归属权变化都会产生产权或使用权持久性等企业信用风险，易产生纠纷。特别是房主、厂房租赁户一旦发生变化，其屋顶租赁、所发电力的消纳等情况都有可能发生较大的变化，对于自发自用或自发自用、余电上网的电站产生消纳和并网接入风险等。

Many distributed photovoltaics are built through site leasing or cooperation, and cannot obtain property rights certificates. During the operation period of over 20 years, changes in the ownership of the construction site or building roof will result in corporate credit risks such as the persistence of property rights or usage rights, which can easily lead to disputes. Especially if homeowners and factory tenants change, there may be significant changes in their roof leasing, electricity consumption, and other situations, which may pose risks to the consumption and grid connection of power stations that are self used or self used, or have surplus electricity connected to the grid.

03 电网结构变化带来的并网风险

03 Grid connection risks brought about by changes in grid structure

由于目前我国发电主体是以煤热电为主，惯性大，与光伏、风电调峰、调度的响应速度慢。同时，随着大量工商业屋顶电站，居民户分布式光伏发电的建设并大量接入用户侧电网，会对用户侧电网产生电网电压偏高、波动增加、光伏逆变器应过压跳闸导致无法正常发电和用户电器损坏等风险。因此，如何把握可再生能源并网风险，将成为电网需要研究的重要课题。

Due to the current dominance of coal thermal power generation in China, which has a large inertia, the response speed to photovoltaic, wind power peak shaving, and scheduling is slow. At the same time, with the construction of a large number of industrial and commercial rooftop power plants, distributed photovoltaic power generation for residential households, and a large number of connections to the user side power grid, there will be risks such as high grid voltage, increased fluctuations, overvoltage tripping of photovoltaic inverters, and inability to generate electricity normally, as well as damage to user electrical appliances. Therefore, how to grasp the risks of renewable energy grid connection will become an important topic that the power grid needs to study.

04 电价风险

04 Electricity Price Risk

随着可再生能源发电的发展，电价波动或降价的风险也是存在的，尽管电价降价的风险比较小，但是这种风险始终存在。

With the development of renewable energy generation, there is also a risk of price fluctuations or price reductions. Although the risk of price reductions is relatively small, this risk always exists.

05 电站设备质量和寿命风险

05 Power Station Equipment Quality and Life Risk

尽管光伏发电站的主要设备性能和寿命都能满足20年以上的使用寿命但是一些组件和逆变器等设备依旧存在短时期损坏的问题，特别是一些个别厂家生产的设备有比较严重的质量问题，很难达到预期的使用寿命。

Although the main equipment performance and lifespan of photovoltaic power stations can meet a service life of more than 20 years, some components and inverters still suffer from short-term damage, especially some equipment produced by individual manufacturers with serious quality problems, making it difficult to achieve the expected service life.

06 自然灾害风险

06 Natural Disaster Risk

光伏发电站投资较大，投资回报周期长，受到自然灾害等不确定因素的干扰风险较大，光伏发电站的安全稳定和高效运行是确保投资回收的关键，光伏发电站安装在旷野、屋顶等场所，使用环境相对恶劣，雷电、飓风、洪水、冰雹、雪灾等等不可抗的自然灾害都会给光伏发电带来组件破损、支架倾倒等巨大的损坏。

Photovoltaic power stations have a large investment and a long investment return cycle, and are at high risk of interference from uncertain factors such as natural disasters. The safe, stable, and efficient operation of photovoltaic power stations is crucial to ensuring investment recovery. Photovoltaic power stations are installed in open fields, rooftops, and other places, and the operating environment is relatively harsh. Irresistible natural disasters such as lightning, hurricanes, floods, hail, and snow can cause component damage to photovoltaic power generation Massive damage such as bracket tilting.

07 运行事故风险

07 Risk of operational accidents

光伏发电站在运营中还有很多运营事故风险，尽管光伏发电站建成后，运维费用相对较少，但是它所面临的风险依旧存在。热斑、接头接触不良，轻则导致电路、设备损坏，严重的会导致严重的火灾事故，造成重大的经济损失。

There are still many operational accident risks in the operation of photovoltaic power stations. Although the operation and maintenance costs are relatively low after the completion of photovoltaic power stations, the risks they face still exist. Hot spots and poor contact of joints can cause damage to circuits and equipment, and in severe cases, can lead to serious fire accidents and significant economic losses.